C

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INDEX

  1. File I/O
    1. High Level Access
    2. Error Handling
    3. Low Level Access
  2. User Defined Types
    1. Structure
    2. Union
    3. Enumerated Types
    4. Bit Fields
    5. Typedefs

FILE I/O

High Level Access

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#include <stdio.h>	/* Header files for the bellow functions */
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FILE* fopen(char *fileName, char *mode);

Returns a FILE pointer associated with the file name or NULL if error occurs. Modes are r(read), w(write), a(append).
There are three special file pointer; stdin(standard input), stdout(standard output), stderr(standard error).

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int getc(FILE *filePointer);

Returns next character from the file stream referred to by filePointer. It returns EOF if end of file or error occurs.

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int putc(int c, FILE *filePointer);

Writes character c to the file referred to by filePointer. Retuens the character written or EOF if error occurs.

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int fprintf(FILE *filePointer, char *format, ...);
int fscanf(FILE *filePointer, char *format, ...);

For formatted input / output of files

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char *fgets(char *line, int MAX_CHAR, FILE *filePointer);

Reads the next line from the file referred to by filepointer into char array line. MAX_CHAR - 1 characters will be read.
Returns pointer to the line or NULL if EOF or error occurs.

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int fputs(char *line, FILE *filePointer);

Writes a string to a file. Returns EOF if error occurs, zero otherwise.

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int remove(const char *fileName);

Removes fileName from file system. Returns non zero if attempt fails

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int rename(const char *oldFileName, const char *newFileName);

Rename oldFileName to newFileName. Returns non zero if attempt fails.

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FILE* tmpfile(void);

Creates a temporary file of mode wb+. It will be removed automatically when the file is closed.

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int fclose(FILE *filePointer);

Closes a file.

Error Handling

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int ferror(FILE *filePointer);	/* Returns non zero if an error occurs */
int feof(FILE *filePointer);	/* Return non zero if eof occurs */
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void perror(FILE *filePointer, chars *s);

Prints interactive error message to filePointer if no argument specified Or s.

Low Level Access

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#include <fcntl.h>	/* Header file for the bellow functions */
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int open(char *name, int flags, int perms);

Returns an integer associated with the file, which is called a file descriptor.
When shell runs a program three files are open automatically the standard input, standard output and standard error.
Their associated file descriptors are 0, 1 & 2.

Here are some flags:

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O_RDONLY - Open file in read only mode
O_WRONLY - Open file in write only mode
O_RDWR - Open file in read / write mode

Perm is the unix file permission specified as a 3 digit octal.

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int create(char *name, int perms);

Creates a file using name and returns a file descriptor associated with it. Returns -1 if fails.

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#include <unistd.h>		/* Header file for the bellow functions */
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int read(int fileDescriptor, char *buffer, int n);

Reads n bytes from a file associated with fileDescriptor into buffer array. Returns number of bytes transferred.
A return value of zero indicates EOF and -1 indicates an error.

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int write(int fileDescriptor, char *buffer, int n);

Writes n bytes from buffer array to a file associated with fileDescriptor. It returns number of bytes written.

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long lseek(int fileDescriptor, long offset, int origin);

Set the current position of the file to offset which is taken relative to the location specified by origin.
Orgigin can be 0, 1 or 2 to specify that offset is to be measured from the begaining, current position or end of the file.

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int unlink(const char *path);

Removes a file. Returns 0 upon success otherwise -1.

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int close(int fileDescriptor);

Closes a file.

User Defined Types

Structure

Creating a structure:

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struct packet{
	int size;
	double length;
	double breadth;
};

Usage:

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/* structure variable */
struct packet p;
p.size = 50;

/* structure pointer */
struct packet *p;
p = (struct packet *)malloc(sizeof(struct packet));
p->size = 100;

Union

Same as structure but the fields share memory.
All the fields in the union has the same address in memory. Example:

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

typedef const unsigned char *byte_ptr;

void show_bytes(byte_ptr bytes, int size);

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    union S {
        uint32_t w;    
        uint16_t hw;
        uint8_t b;
    };

    union S data = {0xABCDEF12};
    show_bytes((unsigned char *)&data.w, sizeof(uint32_t));
    show_bytes((unsigned char *)&data.hw, sizeof(uint16_t));
    show_bytes((unsigned char *)&data.b, sizeof(uint8_t));

    // print address of the fields
    printf("S.w -- > %p\n", &data.w);
    printf("S.hw -- > %p\n", &data.hw);
    printf("S.b -- > %p\n", &data.b);
    return 0;
}

void show_bytes(byte_ptr bytes, int size) {
    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        printf(" %.2x", bytes[i]); 
    }

    printf("\n");
}

Output(Bytes are reversed as this is tested in little endian machine):

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12 ef cd ab
12 ef
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S.w --> 0x7ffee41bda70
S.hw --> 0x7ffee41bda70
S.b --> 0x7ffee41bda70

Enumerated Types

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enum Type{
	INT,	// INT = 0
	DOUBLE,	// DOUBLE = 1
	CHAR	// CHAR = 2
};

int main(){
	/* Can be treated like regular variable */
	enum Type t;

	/* Value assignment can be one of the enum members */
	t = INT;

	/* Can be used directly without a enumerated variable */
	if(t == INT){
		printf("This is an integer.\n");
	}
	else if(t == DOUBLE){
		printf("This is a double.\n");
	}
	else if(t == CHAR){
		printf("This is a character variable.\n");
	}

	return 0;
}

Bit Fields

Bit field is used to pack several variables into a machine word. Bit fields are declared just like regular structures. But variable type have to be unsigned int and bit length of each variable is specified using : operator.

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struct flags{
	unsigned int is_color:1	// 1 bit length
	unsigned int is_sound:1	// 1 bit length
	unsigned int is_open:1	// 1 bit length
	unsigned int status:4	// 4 bit length
};

Typedefs

Typedefs are used to give an alias for a type.Structure:

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typedef TYPE ALIAS

Example:

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typedef double dist_t; // dist_t can be used instead of double